Jha P 等 (2013). 21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States. NEJM. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1211128;Chen Z 等 (2015). Contrasting male and female trends in tobacco-attributed mortality in China: evidence from successive nationwide prospective cohort studies. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00340-2;Oberg M 等 (2011). Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8(二手烟那两个数字);Scolaro JA 等 (2014). Cigarette smoking increases complications following fracture: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.M.00081;Nåsell H 等 (2010). Effect of smoking cessation intervention on results of acute fracture surgery: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.I.00627;Thomsen T 等 (2014). Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002294.pub4(骨折和手术那几个数字)
Öberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A, Prüss-Ustün A (2011). Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet:「603,000 deaths were attributable to second-hand smoke in 2004, which was about 1·0% of worldwide mortality. 47% of deaths from second-hand smoke occurred in women, 28% in children, and 26% in men」,「61% of DALYs were in children」. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8;(2026). The Associations Between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Various Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis. Nicotine & Tobacco Research:57 项研究,「hypertension (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.40), heart disease (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.50), myocardial infarction (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.84), stroke (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.54)」「Home exposure has a higher risk of CVD than non-home exposure」. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaf111
41 项随机试验、17395 人合起来算,伐尼克兰组的戒烟成功率是安慰剂组的 2.32 倍(RR 2.32,95% CI 2.15–2.51,这是可信范围;高确定性证据)。伐尼克兰也高于安非他酮(RR 1.36,高约 36%)和单用一种尼古丁替代品(RR 1.25,高约 25%)。尼古丁替代品和不用药比:133 项试验、64640 人,成功率高约 55%(RR 1.55,95% CI 1.49–1.61)。贴片再加一种见效快的剂型(咀嚼胶、含片),比只用一种高约 27%(RR 1.27,95% CI 1.17–1.37,16 项试验、12169 人,高确定性证据)。
来源
Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. (2023). Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD006103. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006103.pub8;Hartmann-Boyce J, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Bullen C, Lancaster T (2018). Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD000146. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub5;Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. (2023). Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD013308. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013308.pub2;上海市卫生健康委员会 (2021). 选对药物,让戒烟轻松一点:「市场上可见的戒烟药物主要有三种,即尼古丁替代疗法药物、安非他酮、伐尼克兰」,「尼古丁替代疗法药物属于非处方药(OTC),可通过药店柜台购买;而安非他酮、伐尼克兰属于处方药,须到医院戒烟门诊或呼吸内科就诊,凭医师处方经药师调配后才能得到」. https://wsjkw.sh.gov.cn/jtyx/20211119/df50681e01ba49f896d54f771d8176ae.html
Lindson-Hawley N, Banting M, West R, Michie S, Shinkins B, Aveyard P (2016). Gradual Versus Abrupt Smoking Cessation: A Randomized, Controlled Noninferiority Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 164(9), 585–592. https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-2805;Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. (2023). Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD013308(提前用尼古丁替代品那一段). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013308.pub2
备注
争议。Cochrane 原先有一篇专门比这两种办法的综述,结论是两者差不多(RR 0.94,95% CI 0.79–1.13,10 项试验、3760 人),但那篇已于 2019 年撤回、不再更新。所以眼下最好的证据是上面这项随机试验,方向支持一次停。另外那项试验里两组都在戒烟日之前就开始用尼古丁替代品,这个做法本身也有证据:提前用比戒烟日当天才开始,成功率高约 25%(RR 1.25,95% CI 1.08–1.44,9 项试验、4395 人,中等确定性证据)。所以合理的排法是先定日子,提前两周贴上,到日子一次停。
Malik VS 等 (2019). Long-Term Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened and Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Mortality in US Adults. Circulation. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037401;Mullee A, Romaguera D, Pearson-Stuttard J, et al. (2019). Association Between Soft Drink Consumption and Mortality in 10 European Countries. JAMA Internal Medicine, 179(11), 1479-1490. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2478
Yamada T, Hara K, Kadowaki T (2013). Chewing betel quid and the risk of metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. PLoS One, 8(8), e70679. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070679
争议。PURE 这项研究只长期跟踪记录,不分组。它报告:一天排钠不到 3 g 的人,死亡加心血管事件的风险高约 27%。一天排钠 7 g 以上的人,高约 15%。按它的结果,吃太少和吃太多都不好,中间最好。但本条引的那项中国农村随机试验里,低钠盐只是替换掉一部分,不会把钠压得那么低。另外要注意,试验对象是高危老人。健康年轻人换盐得到的好处要小得多。肾功能不全的人,或者正在吃保钾类药物的人,换盐前先问医生。
Wang K, Matsuyama Y, Kiuchi S, et al. (2026). Routine oral health practices and all-cause mortality. Journal of Dentistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2026.106789;Ko MJ, Seo S, So JS, et al. (2026). Deteriorated oral health and function as risk factors for physical disability and mortality in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Geriatric Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-025-01319-4;Yaacob M, Worthington HV, Deacon SA, et al. (2014). Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002281.pub3;Deacon SA, Glenny AM, Deery C, et al. (2010). Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004971.pub2
Paluch AE 等 (2022). Daily steps and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of 15 international cohorts. Lancet Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00302-9;Banach M 等 (2023). The association between daily step count and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwad229;Arem H 等 (2015). Leisure time physical activity and mortality: a detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship. JAMA Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0533;Ekelund U 等 (2019). Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4570
Ettehad D 等 (2016). Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8;Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration (2010). Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61350-5;Chowdhury R 等 (2013). Adherence to cardiovascular therapy: a meta-analysis of prevalence and clinical consequences. European Heart Journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht295
Cappuccio FP 等 (2010). Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.5.585;Yin J 等 (2017). Relationship of Sleep Duration With All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. JAHA. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005947;Windred DP 等 (2024). Sleep regularity is a stronger predictor of mortality risk than sleep duration: A prospective cohort study. Sleep. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad253;Kumar N, Krishnamurthy S (2026). Social jet lag is associated with incident cardiovascular disease independent of sleep duration and cardiac genetic risk. Journal of Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.70133
备注
要改的是睡得太少和作息乱这两样,不必刻意去压缩睡眠时间。睡得长的人风险高,多半是因果反过来了:抑郁、慢性病、睡眠呼吸暂停会让人睡得多。另外,作息规律这一点目前有两项跟踪研究支持,都是只记录、不分组的,单独看属于 B 级证据。熬夜之后怎么补见本节第 38 条(熬夜之后第二天晚上就补觉)。
Oja P, Kelly P, Pedisic Z, et al. (2017). Associations of specific types of sports and exercise with all-cause and cardiovascular-disease mortality: a cohort study of 80 306 British adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(10), 812-817. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096822
Stamatakis E, Ahmadi MN, Gill JMR, et al. (2022). Association of wearable device-measured vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity with mortality. Nature Medicine, 28, 2521-2529. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02100-x
Momma H 等 (2022). Muscle-strengthening activities are associated with lower risk and mortality in major non-communicable diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. British Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-105061
Diaz KM 等 (2017). Patterns of Sedentary Behavior and Mortality in U.S. Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A National Cohort Study. Annals of Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-0212;Ekelund U 等 (2016). Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30370-1
Larsson SC, Orsini N (2014). Red meat and processed meat consumption and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt261;Schwingshackl L 等 (2017). Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.153148;Johnston BC 等 (2019). Unprocessed Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption: Dietary Guideline Recommendations From the NutriRECS Consortium. Annals of Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-1621(争议方 NutriRECS 指南)
每周喝过 100 g 纯酒精以后,喝得越多死得越早。100 g 纯酒精大约是 2.5 L 啤酒。40 岁时每周喝 100–200 g 的人,少活半年左右;喝 200–350 g 的少一两年;超过 350 g 的少四五年。按整体健康算,最划算的量是不喝。
成本:不花钱,还省钱,也不占时间。难在社交场合推酒时的一点尴尬。
收益 / 来源 / 备注
收益
把 83 项往后跟踪的研究合起来算,只记录、不分组,60 万名在喝酒的人。死亡风险的最低点,在每周不超过 100 g 纯酒精。这个量大约是 5% 的啤酒 2.5 L,或者 40 度白酒 300 mL。40 岁时每周喝 100–200 g 的人,预期寿命少约 6 个月。每周喝 200–350 g 的少 1–2 年。超过 350 g 的少 4–5 年。以上三项原文以寿命年报告。全球疾病负担研究 GBD 2016 把各类健康损失合起来算,风险最低的饮酒量是 0 杯/周。还有一项汇总把研究设计上的偏差校正过了。每天喝 1.3–24 g 的人和一辈子不喝的人比,死亡风险低约 7%(RR 0.93)。但这一项没看出统计上的差别。每天喝 45–64 g 的高约 19%(RR 1.19)。每天 65 g 以上的高约 35%(RR 1.35)。
来源
Wood AM 等 (2018). Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30134-X;GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators (2018). Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2;Zhao J 等 (2023). Association Between Daily Alcohol Intake and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses. JAMA Network Open. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.6185;Di Castelnuovo A 等 (2006). Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies. Archives of Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.22.2437(争议方)
Caputo F, Lungaro L, Costanzini A, De Giorgio R, Addolorato G (2026). Alcohol withdrawal syndrome in hospitalized patients: a practical review. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 107103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2026.107103;Bramness JG, Heiberg IH, Høye A, Rossow I (2023). Mortality and alcohol-related morbidity in patients with delirium tremens, alcohol withdrawal state or alcohol dependence in Norway: A register-based prospective cohort study. Addiction, 118(12), 2352–2359. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16297
备注
自己怎么判断:几乎天天喝、一天不喝就手抖出汗心慌睡不着、早上要喝一点才舒服,占一条就别自己硬停。医院的常规做法是用苯二氮䓬类药物把这几天顶过去,同时补硫胺素(维生素 B1)。定 B 级是因为挪威那份队列说的是「得过震颤谵妄的人后来怎么样」,不是「自己硬戒会怎么样」,两者之间是推断。酒还是要戒,只是换成去医院戒。每周喝多少算多见本节第 19 条(少喝或不喝酒),想少喝怎么办见本节第 21 条(先数杯数再找医生)。
Kaner EF, Beyer FR, Muirhead C, et al. (2018). Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD004148. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004148.pub4;Jonas DE, Amick HR, Feltner C, et al. (2014). Pharmacotherapy for adults with alcohol use disorders in outpatient settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 311(18), 1889–1900. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.3628
Bao Y, Han J, Hu FB, et al. (2013). Association of nut consumption with total and cause-specific mortality. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(21), 2001-2011. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1307352
Zhong VW, Van Horn L, Greenland P, et al. (2020). Associations of Processed Meat, Unprocessed Red Meat, Poultry, or Fish Intake With Incident Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(4), 503-512. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.6969
Aune D 等 (2016). Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i2716;Schwingshackl L 等 (2017). Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.153148
Wang X, Liu F, Li J, et al. (2020). Tea consumption and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: The China-PAR project. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 27(18), 1956-1963. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319894685;茶叶霉菌毒素:Cui P 等 (2020). Quantitative analysis and dietary risk assessment of aflatoxins in Chinese post-fermented dark tea. Food and Chemical Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111830;Zhou H 等 (2022). Mycotoxins in Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze): Contamination and Dietary Exposure Profiling in the Chinese Population. Toxins. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070452;绿茶提取物与肝损伤:Hu J 等 (2018). The safety of green tea and green tea extract consumption in adults - Results of a systematic review. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.019
备注
争议在于:这类研究只是跟踪记录,中国男性喝茶的人里抽烟喝酒的比例高。作者已经扣掉一部分这类影响,但扣不干净。还有一点,别喝滚烫的,热饮温度见本节关于热饮温度的一条。有人担心茶叶里有霉菌毒素。国内查过 158 份黑茶,有 2 份检出黄曲霉毒素,按喝茶的量算,吃进去的量低于国际上的可接受值。另一项查了 352 份茶、16 种霉菌毒素,只有黑茶里的赭曲霉毒素 A 平均含量超过限量。按国人喝茶的量算,两项都没算出膳食风险。茶叶放在干燥的地方,受潮发霉的别喝。绿茶提取物胶囊不一样:高浓度的儿茶素一次大量吞下去会伤肝,冲泡的茶没有这个问题。所以这里说的只是泡的茶,别拿提取物保健品代替
一篇综述把 201 项汇总研究的结果又合到一起算,这些汇总底下的原始研究都只记录、不分组。结果:每天喝 3–4 杯咖啡的人和不喝的人比,死亡风险低 17%(相对风险 0.83,95% CI 0.79–0.88,这是可信范围)
来源
Poole R, Kennedy OJ, Roderick P, et al. (2017). Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes. BMJ, 359, j5024. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j5024
Aune D 等 (2017). Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. International Journal of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw319;Wang DD 等 (2021). Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Mortality: Results From 2 Prospective Cohort Studies of US Men and Women and a Meta-Analysis of 26 Cohort Studies. Circulation. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048996
Lane MM 等 (2024). Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-077310
Yu K 等 (2018). Association of Solid Fuel Use With Risk of Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality in Rural China. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.2151;Chen J, Hoek G (2020). Long-term exposure to PM and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environment International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105974
Islami F, Pourshams A, Nasrollahzadeh D, et al. (2009). Tea drinking habits and oesophageal cancer in a high risk area in northern Iran: population based case-control study. BMJ, 338, b929. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b929;Loomis D, Guyton KZ, Grosse Y, et al. (2016). Carcinogenicity of drinking coffee, mate, and very hot beverages. Lancet Oncology, 17(7), 877-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30239-X
Lindqvist PG, Epstein E, Nielsen K, et al. (2016). Avoidance of sun exposure as a risk factor for major causes of death: a competing risk analysis of the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort. Journal of Internal Medicine, 280(4), 375-387. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12496
Global BMI Mortality Collaboration (2016). Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1;Flegal KM 等 (2013). Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.113905(争议方)
Bonaccio M, Di Castelnuovo A, Costanzo S, et al. (2019). Chili Pepper Consumption and Mortality in Italian Adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 74(25), 3139-3149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.068
PURE 跟踪研究覆盖 21 个国家、13.6 万人,平均跟踪 9.1 年,共 6796 人去世。每天吃两份以上奶制品的人,死亡风险比不吃的人低约 17%(风险比 0.83,95% CI 0.72–0.96,可信范围),趋势 P=0.0052
来源
Dehghan M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. (2018). Association of dairy intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 21 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet, 392(10161), 2288-2297. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31812-9
美国一项 52.1 万人的跟踪研究,共 12.9 万人去世。每天多吃半个全蛋,死亡风险高约 7%(风险比 1.07,95% CI 1.06–1.08,这是可信范围)。把这半个全蛋换成等量的蛋清、禽肉、鱼、奶制品或者坚果豆类,死亡风险会更低,心血管、癌症、呼吸系统这三项的死亡风险也都更低
来源
Zhuang P, Wu F, Mao L, et al. (2021). Egg and cholesterol consumption and mortality from cardiovascular and different causes in the United States: A population-based cohort study. PLoS Medicine, 18(2), e1003508. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003508
Ukai T, Iso H, Yamagishi K, et al. (2020). Habitual tub bathing and risks of incident coronary heart disease and stroke. Heart, 106(10), 732-737. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315752
Li X, Zhang M, Li Z, 等 (2026). Acute sleep rebound following sleep restriction is associated with reduced mortality risk. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-72461-1
Xi J, Ma W, Tao Y, 等 (2025). Association between night shift work and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1668848;Esposito G, Bravi F, Santucci C, 等 (2025). Night shift work and breast cancer risk in healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Occupational Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaf040;Shen QM, Li ZY, Tan YT, 等 (2026). Night shift work and risk of total and site-specific cancer: results from a prospective cohort study among Chinese men. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.4290;Czeisler CA, Johnson MP, Duffy JF, 等 (1990). Exposure to bright light and darkness to treat physiologic maladaptation to night work. New England Journal of Medicine, 322(18), 1253-1259. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199005033221801
Lei J, Li Y, Wang Y, 等 (2024). The impact of small food workshops management regulations on aflatoxin B1 in home-made peanut oil and the liver function of high-consumption area residents: an interrupted time series study in Guangzhou, China. Frontiers in Public Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1484414;Zhong Y, Lu H, Jiang Y, 等 (2024). Effect of homemade peanut oil consumption during pregnancy on low birth weight and preterm birth outcomes: a cohort study in Southwestern China. Global Health Action, 17. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2024.2336312;IARC (2012). Chemical Agents and Related Occupations. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol 100F. https://publications.iarc.fr/123;国家卫生计生委、国家食品药品监督管理总局 (2017). 食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量(GB 2761-2017)
Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, 等 (2020). Reduction in saturated fat for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (5), CD011737. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3;Hooper L, Al-Khudairy L, Abdelhamid AS, 等 (2018). Omega-6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11), CD011094. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011094.pub4;Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, 等 (2020). Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD003177. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub5;中国营养学会 (2022). 中国居民膳食指南(2022). 人民卫生出版社
Xue Y, Jiang Y, Jin S, Li Y (2016). Association between cooking oil fume exposure and lung cancer among Chinese nonsmoking women: a meta-analysis. OncoTargets and Therapy, 9, 2987-2992. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S100949;Chen TY, Fang YH, Chen HL, 等 (2020). Impact of cooking oil fume exposure and fume extractor use on lung cancer risk in non-smoking Han Chinese women. Scientific Reports, 10, 6774. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63656-7;Kim C, Gao YT, Xiang YB, 等 (2015). Home kitchen ventilation, cooking fuels, and lung cancer risk in a prospective cohort of never smoking women in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Cancer, 136(3), 632-638. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29020
MacLennan AH, Broadbent JL, Lester S, Moore V (2004). Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flushes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD002978. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002978.pub2;Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators, Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, 等 (2002). Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 288(3), 321-333. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.3.321;Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, 等 (2013). Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA, 310(13), 1353-1368. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278040;Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, 等 (2017). Menopausal hormone therapy and long-term all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA, 318(10), 927-938. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.11217;Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, 等 (2017). Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), CD004143. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub5;US Preventive Services Task Force, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, 等 (2022). Hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA, 328(17), 1740-1746. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.18625