Sesso HD et al. (2012). Multivitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.14805;US Preventive Services Task Force (2022). Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplementation to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.8970;Gaziano JM 等 (2012). Multivitamins in the Prevention of Cancer in Men. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.14641(备注里那项癌症结果)
Manson JE et al. (2019). Marine n-3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. NEJM. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1811403;ASCEND Study Collaborative Group (2018). Effects of n-3 Fatty Acid Supplements in Diabetes Mellitus. NEJM. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804989;Bhatt DL 等 (2019). Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia. New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1812792(备注里那项高纯度处方鱼油试验)
Manson JE et al. (2019). Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease. NEJM. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1809944;Neale RE et al. (2022). The D-Health Trial: a randomised controlled trial of the effect of vitamin D on mortality. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00345-4
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争议:这两项试验都没有特意去招真正缺维生素 D 的人,所以结论只管「本来就不缺的人」。查出确实缺的人、有骨质疏松的人、长期晒不到太阳的人、婴幼儿,还是按医生说的补。这里只看了总死亡和癌症、心脏血管这几件事,别的没看
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美国那个负责给预防措施打分的官方机构 USPSTF,2022 年给 β 胡萝卜素和维生素 E 评了 D 级,意思是建议别用。吸烟的人和接触过石棉的人已经因此受了害。蔬菜水果里本身含的抗氧化物不算在内,照吃
Clegg DO et al. (2006). Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis. NEJM. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa052771
IDEA 试验找了 471 名超重或肥胖的成年人,跟了 24 个月。大家做的饮食和运动安排是一样的,区别只在戴不戴可穿戴设备。戴的那组减重 3.5 公斤(95% CI 2.6–4.5,这是可信范围)。不戴的那组减了 5.9 公斤(5.0–6.8),反而更多。两组差 2.4 公斤(1.0–3.7,P=0.002)。它看起来划算,是因为「量化才能管理」这句话听着有道理,而且设备买一次就完事
来源
Jakicic JM et al. (2016). Effect of Wearable Technology Combined With a Lifestyle Intervention on Long-term Weight Loss: The IDEA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.12858
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只能说「没有证据支持」,所以只给 C 级。把身体代谢产生的废物清出去,本来就是肝和肾在干的活。只要这两个器官没有生病,就不需要额外做什么「排毒」
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Dittmar H, Bond R, Hurst M, Kasser T (2014). The relationship between materialism and personal well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(5), 879-924. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037409;Van Boven L, Gilovich T (2003). To do or to have? That is the question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(6), 1193-1202. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.6.1193
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一项多实验室预注册重复研究,23 个实验室、共 2141 名受试者,按 Sripada 等人的标准化方案重做了序贯任务范式:先做一件消耗自控的任务,再做第二件需要自控的任务。汇总结果显示自我损耗效应很小,而且 95% 可信区间包含 0(d = 0.04,95% CI −0.07 到 0.15)。作者据此讨论了「自控是有限资源」这一模型还成不成立。另一次同样事先登记方案的重做,36 个实验室、3531 人,效果大小 d = 0.06,同样小到不能算数。
来源
Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NLD, Alberts H, et al. (2016). A Multilab Preregistered Replication of the Ego-Depletion Effect. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(4), 546–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616652873;Vohs et al. (2021). A Multisite Preregistered Paradigmatic Test of the Ego-Depletion Effect. Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797621989733
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骨折后补维生素 D 的试验,没有一项看出骨头长得更好。钙和维 D 一起补的研究很少,说不清有没有用。一大碗骨头汤里的钙,只有每天该吃的几十分之一。本来就缺维 D、有骨质疏松的人另说。
成本:不花钱,还省下钙片、维生素 D 和天天熬汤的钱和工夫。要做的只是查出缺了再补,不缺就不额外补。
收益 / 来源 / 备注
收益
先看维生素 D。2023 年一篇系统综述收了 14 项研究、2734 名骨折病人。作者的结论是,单补维生素 D 对骨头愈合、长没长上和恢复后的功能影响很小。看出好处的几项研究,质量普遍偏低。作者写明,只算随机分组的试验,没有一项看出补了有好处。其中一项找了 100 名维 D 偏低的长骨骨折病人。一半人伤后两周内一次吃 10 万 IU,一半人吃安慰剂(假药)。两边各有 2 人骨头没长上,合起来是 4%。另一项找了 102 名 18 到 50 岁的大腿骨或小腿骨骨折病人,分四组吃不同剂量或安慰剂。3 个月和 12 个月时,愈合评分都没看出差别。还有一项找了 32 名手腕骨折的绝经后女性。和不补的人比,每天折合 1800 IU 的大剂量组,骨头的抗压硬度反而更低。再看钙。2014 年一篇系统综述说,维 D 不足或补维 D 对骨折愈合影响的临床研究很少,结论说不清。它找到的两项研究是钙和维 D 一起补,看到的是骨折处骨密度或骨痂(新长出来的骨头)多了,没看愈合快慢。最后看骨头汤。台湾高雄一项测定买了三种骨头汤面食,一份汤 450 到 550 克。每份汤里的钙平均 14 到 39 毫克,占每天 1000 毫克推荐量的 1.4% 到 3.9%。作者的结论是,一份汤的钙不到每天推荐量的 5%。中国的推荐量是 18 到 49 岁每天 800 毫克,50 岁以上 1000 毫克,每天上限 2000 毫克。这份标准写明,长期吃过量的钙会增加得肾结石的风险。美国一项试验找了 36282 名绝经后女性,每天吃 1000 毫克钙加 400 IU 维 D,平均跟踪 7 年。肾结石风险高约 17%(HR 1.17,95% CI 1.02–1.34,可信范围)。髋部骨折低约 12%,但不显著(HR 0.88,0.72–1.08)。它看起来划算,是因为「骨头是钙做的,多吃钙就长得快」这个直觉
来源
Gatt T, Grech A, Arshad H (2023). The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation for Bone Healing in Fracture Patients: A Systematic Review. Advances in Orthopedics, 2023, 6236045. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6236045;Haines N, Kempton LB, Seymour RB, et al. (2017). The effect of a single early high-dose vitamin D supplement on fracture union in patients with hypovitaminosis D: a prospective randomised trial. Bone & Joint Journal, 99-B(11), 1520-1525. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.99B11.BJJ-2017-0271.R1;Slobogean GP, Bzovsky S, O'Hara NN, et al. (2023). Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Acute Fracture Healing: A Phase II Screening Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial. JBMR Plus, 7, e10705. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm4.10705;Heyer FL, de Jong JJ, Willems PC, et al. (2021). The Effect of Bolus Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Distal Radius Fracture Healing: A Randomized Controlled Trial Using HR-pQCT. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 36, 1492-1501. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.4311;Gorter EA, Hamdy NA, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Schipper IB (2014). The role of vitamin D in human fracture healing: a systematic review of the literature. Bone, 64, 288-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2014.04.026;Hsu DJ, Lee CW, Tsai WC, Chien YC (2017). Essential and toxic metals in animal bone broths. Food & Nutrition Research, 61, 1347478(表 2、表 3). https://doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1347478;国家卫生和计划生育委员会 (2018). WS/T 578.2—2018 中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量 第 2 部分:常量元素(表 1;定义 3.7). https://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/yingyang/201805/f2c614be95fe41dba8123c23a6e6fb55/files/1739783539207_73894.pdf;Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al. (2006). Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(7), 669-683. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa055218;Doetsch AM, Faber J, Lynnerup N, et al. (2004). The effect of calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation on the healing of the proximal humerus fracture: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Calcified Tissue International, 75, 183-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-004-0167-0(备注里那项);Gorter EA, Krijnen P, Schipper IB (2017). Vitamin D status and adult fracture healing. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma, 8(1), 34-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2016.09.003(备注里那项)
备注
争议:有两处小苗头。丹麦一项试验找了 30 名上臂近肩处骨折的老年女性,她们有骨质疏松或骨量偏低。每天吃 800 IU 维 D 加 1 克钙的人,第 6 周骨折处骨密度更高(0.623 对 0.570 g/cm²)。但它只量了骨密度,没看骨头长没长好,人也太少。那项 102 人的试验事后拆开看,大剂量维 D 的人功能评分略好,作者说还要再做试验确认。本来就缺维 D 的人另说。荷兰一项跟踪记录里,补了以后仍然缺的人,愈合拖慢的占 9.7%。本来不缺的人占 0.3%,补上来的人占 1.7%。这只是跟踪记录,证明不了因果。查出缺了,按医生说的补到正常。已经确诊骨质疏松、或者轻轻一摔就骨折的人,要的是抗骨质疏松药,见第 1 节第 40 条(抗骨质疏松药),钙片代替不了它。不缺维 D 的人长期补没有好处,见本节第 3 条(补维生素 D)。要否掉的是「额外猛补」,不是少吃钙,三餐里的钙照常吃够,见本节第 21 条(防肾结石把钙戒掉)。刚摔了怀疑骨折怎么办,见第 13 节第 41 条(怀疑骨折)。收益定中,是按一年钙片和维 D 的钱算的。受益人是你自己。